[42] It is Yahweh who is prophesied to one day battle Leviathan the serpent, and slay the dragon in the sea in Isaiah 27:1. [19]Andreas Johandi, Some Remarks about the Beginnings of Marduk. In S. Fink and R. Rollinger, eds.,Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium of the Melammu Project Held in Helsinki / Tartu(Mnster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2018), p. 566. A rarer form, 'ila, represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite. After being separated from An by the former, Ki stayed on Earth to rule over the domain. The theological position of the Tanakh is that the names l and 'lhm, when used in the singular to mean the supreme god, refer to Yahweh, beside whom other gods are supposed to be either nonexistent or insignificant. The apparent plural form 'lm or 'lim "gods" occurs only four times in the Tanakh. Another interesting concept that was common in the Sumerian civilization was that of patron deities. There is even evidence of cults which considered Nanna to be the primary god. Mark Smith has argued that Yahweh and El were originally separate, but were considered synonymous from very early on. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. Inanna was regarded as the most important of all female deities of the Ancient Sumerian pantheon. She was the embodiment of the primeval sea, which played a major part in the creation of the world, and also considered the mother goddess. Rather than exhausting the subject after the point has been made, we'll summarize: The chief god of the Roman pantheon, the deity worshiped in the Capitolium, was the storm-god, Jupiter. he judges among the gods (Elohim). It is interesting that Nannar the moon-god was a male, not a female goddess. Cronus, also spelled Cronos or Kronos, in ancient Greek religion, male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. was universally the god of heaven, Enlil - the god of air and earth . This myth nicely rounds up Inannas personality:lustful, violent, and vengeful. Here is a list of the 10 most important: Contents show 10. [27] He also fathered many gods, most importantly Baal, Yam, and Mot, each sharing similar attributes to the Greco-Roman gods: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades respectively. It appears in similar contexts in Ugaritic texts where the expression bn 'il alternates with bn 'ilm, but both must mean 'sons of l'. Saturn's Black Cube holds a massive tank that acts as a harvesting station for blood sacrifice from human beings, in any way . The throne was then stolen by Jupiter. This is a plausible scenario, given that the Sumerian homeland in southern Iraq is noticeably devoid of mountains. With either or each of them she birthed Damu and Ninazu, both gods of healing. [11] l is listed at the head of many pantheons. Four Sumerians, whose names we do have, fall somewhere between myth, legend, and history. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Gods of Death He is tikuka ("your patriarch"). Mesopotamian moon god. He is also named lpn of unknown meaning, variously rendered as Latpan, Latipan, or Lutpani ("shroud-face" by Strong's Hebrew Concordance), c.f. Genesis, Book of. Saturn's mythological reign was depicted as a Golden Age of abundance and peace. He then lay with them, and they gave birth to Shachar ("Dawn") and Shalim ("Dusk"). For example, the people of Uruk revered the god An and the goddess Inanna, while the residents of Nippur considered Enlil to be their patron deity, and Eridu saw Enki being held as most important. [12], However, because the word l sometimes refers to a god other than the great god l, it is frequently ambiguous as to whether l followed by another name means the great god l with a particular epithet applied or refers to another god entirely. If El was the high God of AbrahamElohim, the prototype of YahvehAsherah was his wife, and there are archaeological indications that she was perceived as such before she was in effect "divorced" in the context of emerging Judaism of the 7th century BCE. The gods of the Babylonian pantheon were tied with these 5 planets as follows: Jupiter with Marduk Venus with the goddess Ishtar Saturn with Ninurta (Ninib) The Saturnalia festival celebrates his pleasant rule. In Tablet 5 of the Enuma Elish it may be the pole star, which at the time was Thuban or possibly Kochab (Ursa Minor). The name is Akkadian and means 'crossing place' or 'place of transition'. Marduk, in Mesopotamian religion, the chief god of the city of Babylon and the national god of Babylonia; as such, he was eventually called simply Bel, or Lord. Jesus is really the son of Ouranos, or the deity that is above and controls the dome. Gula was also known to be the goddess of dogs and other animals, and this is immortalized in depictions of her with a dog carved into a boundary stone dating from the period. Like most ancient civilizations, the Sumerians came to believe that just about every earthly phenomenon, anthropological aspect, and astronomical event was somehow controlled by unseen deities. 04-02-2023, 04:36 AM . After the Doomsday cataclysm Minoan tradition gave way to Greek tradition. One of the other two occurrences in the Tanakh is in the "Song of Moses", Exodus 15:11a: Who is like you among the Gods ('lim), Yahweh? For the reference in some texts of Deuteronomy 32:8 to seventy sons of God corresponding to the seventy sons of l in the Ugaritic texts, see `Elyn. More information is needed to be certain. [2]Based on his identification with El, Kumarbi, and others well discuss before we reach the end of this series, Enlil should be understood not as lord of the air, but as a universal god who controls different spheres and domains, different areas without any defined specialization.[3], In other words, Enlil was simply the god. [1]As scholars have looked deeper into the nature of the deity, however, a growing number have concluded that Lord Wind or Lord Aether is too simple. Enlil was known as the god of rain, wind, and storm, and it was he who separated heaven from Earth and made way for life as we know it, also becoming the god of earth in the process. This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. cognate with Arabic Latif "hidden". And the deity the Hurrians and Amorites considered the father of their gods, Kumarbi/El, was at home in the mountains and connected to an underground abodethe Hurrianabiand the springs of the two deeps under or near Mount Hermon. Sumerian myth dictates that while almost every Sumerian god was a powerful being with supernatural abilities at their disposal, they were far from being the kind of omnipotent, supreme deity we have become accustomed to thanks to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The functions of different gods tended to vary by city states, but of the Great Seven. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: James Hardy, "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods", History Cooperative, April 22, 2022, https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. One of the first civilizations to grace the Earth, the Sumerians banded together and settled in ancient southern Mesopotamia (modern day south-central Iraq) around 3500 BC. ), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (Vol. The text was translated by Rosenthal (1969, p.658) as follows: An eternal bond has been established for us. However, it is said in Genesis 14:1820 that Abraham accepted the blessing of El, when Melchizedek, the king of Salem and high priest of its deity El Elyon blessed him. This gave rise to more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses. The rise of the Akkadians occurred around the same time that Amorite migrants began to arrive in southern Mesopotamia. This also establishes a link between the Hurrians and the Amorites, and suggests a path of transmission from the north to Sumer. Ninurta, an obscure god inherited by the Babylonians, may have been identified with Saturn, the slowest moving visible planet, because . ilnu. Nippur never dominated the politics of Mesopotamia, but control of the city was always important. The clash in tone between his names is not an outlier. He scattered stars and planets around the sky, and together with his wife Ningal, gave birth to Inanna and her twin brother Utu. Numerous ancient texts describe him as both an aggressive, antagonistic god, while others have him down as a kind, friendly, and benevolent being who protected Sumerians. She was also a consort to Enki at some point, and had three children: Ninurta, Ashgi, and Panigingarra. But to each of the other gods he gave two wings upon the shoulders, as meaning that they accompanied Cronus in his flight. In addition, the Amorites themselves were considered mountaineers whose homeland was probably around Jebel Bishri, a range of low mountains west of the Euphrates near modern Deir ez-Zor.[16]. Sumerians said one year on planet Nibiru, a sar, was equivalent in time to 3600 earth years. The offspring of air deities Enlil and Ninlil, Nanna was responsible for bringing light to the dark sky, which was said to be divided into three domes over a flat Earth with each dome made of a precious substance. The stem l is found prominently in the earliest strata of east Semitic, northwest Semitic, and south Semitic groups. The most common Akkadian names of the five planets, iu (Mercury), Dilbat (Venus), albatnu (Mars), White Star (Jupiter), and Kayymnu (Saturn), are attested first in 1800-1000 bce. [11]Today, its home to about six hundred souls in war-torn Afrin province of northwestern Syria; in the second millennium BC, it belonged to a kingdom called Mukish, which is likely why Hurrian religious texts name Kumarbis vizier as Mukishanu.[12]. d NIN.URTA / d MA Ninurta , Sumerian god, whose portfolio origi- nally included agriculture and fertility , later war and heroic deeds That makes the etymology of Enlils name easier to grasp: Rather than Sumerianen+ll, his name most likely derives from a doubling of the Semitic wordilu(god): il + il, meaning god of gods,[4]or god of all the gods.[5]. It began as a collection of reed huts in a marsh alongside the Euphrates. Nibiru Science 21 Who is SATURN? Named after the Earth itself, Ki was a direct descendent of Nammu. [7]Rients de Boer, Amorites in the Early Old Babylonian Period (Dissertation: Leiden University, 2014), p. 69. Ninurta began his divine career as a god of irrigation and agriculture. Whether a deity or not, she played a major role in creating the universe as well as humans and human civilization. Saturn is often connected to Ninurta, god of war and hunt. Source:https://www.podbean.com/eau/pb-eg8e2-12bc395A whistleblower recently came up with a powerful statement. So how did this group of Canaanite El-worshippers come in contact with the cult of Yhwh? Why these two? Gulas cult center was Umma, but her popularity stretched to Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Uruk, and Ur. His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. Over the millennia, Sumerians branched off into Akkadians and later Babylonians, with the core mythology undergoing anywhere between minute and massive changes. Traditionally bn 'lm has been interpreted as 'sons of the mighty', 'mighty ones', for 'El can mean 'mighty', though such use may be metaphorical (compare the English expression [by] God awful). Not to follow rabbits too far off the main trail here, but that begs the question: Were the Amorites and Hurrians related? Such mythological motifs are variously seen as late survivals from a period when Yahweh held a place in theology comparable to that of Hadad at Ugarit; or as late henotheistic/monotheistic applications to Yahweh of deeds more commonly attributed to Hadad; or simply as examples of eclectic application of the same motifs and imagery to various different gods. Other establishments dedicated to him were the temple Kurigalzu I and a ziggurat called Elugalgalgasisa. Along with his grandfather Beelzebub, he controlled the airways for the Gods, wearing his symbol of . The god of air, rain, storms, and even the Earth, Enlil may have created life by mating with his mother, but he later married the goddess Ninlil, with whom he birthed the gods Ninurta, Nanna, and Utu, among others. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order [16], The Egyptian god Ptah is given the title gitti 'Lord of Gath' in a prism from Tel Lachish which has on its opposite face the name of Amenhotep II (c. 14351420 BCE). And the great council of all the Holy Ones. Ba'al Hadad is a few times called l's son rather than the son of Dagan as he is normally called, possibly because l is in the position of a clan-father to all the gods. Azazel is also the God of divination and has been consulted by many soothsayers. The social structure of the Sumerians was decidedly different from other societies of that and later times. This is the form under which l/Cronus appears on coins from Byblos from the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175164 BCE) four spread wings and two folded wings, leaning on a staff. With oaths of Heaven and Ancient Earth. In the semitic religion, El, just like his Greek equivalent Kronos, was associated with the planet Saturn. Hence, the Greek Pan was the half human/goat and Osiris was the ram of Egypt; both represent "all things" and the planet Jupiter who gave life and light to the . It seems that the Anunnaki are returning to ou. 3. The Roman version is far more benign. An additional name, which is only attested in literary texts, is Dilimbabbar. It is believed that Nammu held greater importance in earlier times, but as there are no written records of those times, this is impossible to say with certainty. 4. Either way, she went on to enlist the help of Enki to create a clay figurine in the image of the gods themselves. Although some other gods had a relatively higher share of support as far as surviving records testify, Enkis contribution to legends was perhaps just as significant, if not more. https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/amorites/, retrieved 3/11/21. In this capacity he became known as the god of justice and . (This inscription lists l in second place in the local pantheon, following Ba'al Shamm and preceding the Eternal Sun.). As to the rivers and the spring of the two deeps, these might refer to real streams, or to the mythological sources of the salt water ocean and the fresh water sources under the earth, or to the waters above the heavens and the waters beneath the earth. If you are committed to the ancient . It wasnt just their powers that separated them from humans, though. He asked the women to tell him when the bird was fully cooked, and to then address him either as husband or as father, for he would thenceforward behave to them as they called him. In fact, the Akkadian root Ilu from which the semitic theonym El is derived has its origin in the Sumero-Akkadian religious culture and was associated with Anu. Another version attributes the idea to Nammu herself. [18], In any case, Enlils emergence as the kingmaker of Mesopotamia doesnt extend as far back in Sumerian history as was thought. She later became identified by the Akkadians and Assyrians as the goddess Ishtar, and further with the Hittite Sauska, the Phoenician Astarte and the Greek Aphrodite, among many others. In fact, legends spoke of how he had Nanna and Utu illuminate the sky after being unhappy about the darkness in his heavenly home. She was also a patron of Uruk, where she was later known as Ishtar in the Babylonian version of events. Saturn god is a common character in Roman mythology. [24] In Hittite texts, the expression becomes the single name Ilkunirsa, this Ilkunirsa appearing as the husband of Asherdu (Asherah) and father of 77 or 88 sons. Nanna was his Sumerian name while he was known as Sin, Nanna-Sin, Nanna-Suen and other names by . Sometimes he is specifically named (or at least identified with) Sn.[9]. Wden, or Odin, was the ruler of the Norse gods' realm and associated with wisdom, magic, victory and death. In ancient mythology, the 8-pointed star represents the God of the heaven who was called Anu (Aunu, Aun). However, she also felt pity later on, and allowed him to join her in heaven for half a year albeit at the expense of having his sister replace him for the duration. The only consistent aspect of any visual portrayals is his symbol, which was a horned cap. A patron deity of Ur, Nannas main temple was Ekishnugal, which was rebuilt or restored many times by different rulers. The Sumerian god Enki is more like the serpent of Genesis and Lucifer. In Ugaritic the plural form meaning "gods" is ilhm, equivalent to Hebrew elhm "powers". See Baal for a discussion of this passage. 268-278. Robert William Rogers, ed., Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (New York: Eaton & Mains, & Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham, 1912), pp. Like an aging movie star who gradually finds leading roles harder to come by as younger actors arrive in Hollywood, Enlil was eventually replaced as the king of Mesopotamian deities by the city-god of Babylon, Marduk, a process that was complete by about the twelfth century BC.[23]. But Enlils prestige continued for centuries afterward. NOTE: "Planet" is Greek for wanderer; Greeks and Romans thought the planets and the sun rotate around the earth - 7 known by them - they named gods and days of the week after them. [45] Unlike Enlil, however, Enki was almost always nice to humans, appearing to be wiser and more peaceful than his master. Utu had one child a daughter named Mamu who was one of many goddesses who presided over the realm of dreams. His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. Ownership of Nippur was proof that Enlil wanted him to be king. Mesopotamian Gods and Astrology. He and his military allies the Eloim gain Sky's kingdom.[48]. [28] Though Ugarit had a large temple dedicated to Dagon and another to Hadad, there was no temple dedicated to l. [17]The Hurrians (the Horites of the Bible) and Amorites were among the tribes Joshua and the Israelites had to push out of Canaan. [46] What is certain is that the form 'El does appear in Israelite names from every period including the name Yir'l ("Israel"), meaning "El strives". A trilingual god list from Ugarit, composed during the time of the judges, confirms that the Amorites, Hurrians, Akkadians, and Sumerians all worshiped the god with this handy linguistic equation: Enlil = Kumarbi = El. It was about this time that Enlil appears to have been elevated from the status of patron god of Nippur, a city located near the Euphrates about one hundred miles southeast of modern Baghdad, to head of the Mesopotamian pantheon. Egyptian Mythology: Ra and the Sun Boat (God of Sun)#EgyptianMythology #Mythology #SeeUinHistory #History #MythologyExplained 1 (1984), p. 1. New York: Doubleday, amulet of the seventh century BCE from Arslan Tash, "Le dcor asiatique du couteau de Gebel el-Arak", Institut Franais d'Archologie Orientale, van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999, "Genesis 3 (Blue Letter Bible/ KJV - King James Version)", "Translation of Gods: Kumarpi, Enlil, Dagan/NISABA, alki", "Two brides for two gods. Remember, the Amorites of that era worshiped only two gods, the god Ilu (El) and the moon-god called Bl ad (lord of the mountain). This is the position of Frank Moore Cross (1973). Likewise, the Sumerian god Anu was represented by the same pointed star inside a solar disk. 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The same time that Amorite migrants began to arrive in southern Iraq is noticeably devoid of.... Main temple was Ekishnugal, which was a direct descendent of Nammu symbol, which was a male, a... From other societies of that and later Babylonians, may have been with! Often connected to ninurta, god of the Sumerians was decidedly different other! Ugaritic the plural form 'lm or 'lim `` gods '' occurs only four times the... Bond has been consulted by many soothsayers clay figurine in the Tanakh the planet saturn far... The text ends with an incantation for the gods, wearing his symbol, which was rebuilt or many! Lay with them, and Ur position of Frank Moore Cross ( 1973 ), the Anchor Yale Dictionary! In Amorite the main trail here, but control of the Ancient Sumerian pantheon the head of many goddesses presided. Mythology, the 8-pointed star represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite 11 ] is! 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Azazel is also the god of air and Earth an outlier time to 3600 Earth years image of the who... Vary by city states, but that begs the question: were temple! Character in Roman mythology stretched to Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Uruk, where was. Possibly hangover. [ 48 ] devoid of mountains the dome god by... `` gods '' is ilhm, equivalent to Hebrew elhm `` powers '' Uruk... Sar, was associated with the core mythology undergoing anywhere between minute and massive changes presided over domain. Sometimes he is specifically named ( or at least identified with ) Sn. [ 9 ] the! Not a female goddess form 'lm or 'lim `` gods '' is ilhm, to... Universally the god of heaven, Enlil - the god of the Great council of all the Holy Ones was., moon god Nanna, and Ur place in the Sumerian homeland in southern Mesopotamia it wasnt their! Male, not a female goddess of divination and has been consulted by many soothsayers serpent Genesis! Grandfather Beelzebub, he controlled the airways for the cure of some disease, possibly hangover [! Restored many times by different rulers one year on planet Nibiru, a,! But were considered synonymous from very early on requires an HTML link, please this... And Earth Enki to create a clay figurine in the image of the other gods he two... While he was known as Ishtar in the image of the Sumerians was decidedly different from other societies of and... [ 33 ] [ 34 ] as Sin, Nanna-Sin, Nanna-Suen and other names by a ziggurat called.!
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