what can i do if someone is slandering mewhat can i do if someone is slandering me

If they are public figures, the law imposes a higher standard for them to prevail in a defamation action against someone who posts false information about them., A critical element of any defamation lawsuit is damages. Generally, since the culture tends to be on the parents side when there is an effort at correcting old patterns or full-fledged estrangement, the smear campaign is often unwittingly facilitated by others who wrongly label the daughter as an ingrate or impetuous; dont forget that theres a Commandment that appears to have the mothers back as well. Only the person who's being impersonated can file a report, but you can: Contact the person being impersonated by email or telephone to encourage them to report it to us. I think we all have had that experience. As a result, I was alerted by others in my local business community that she was going on a smear campaign about me. There are four commonly recognized defenses to defamation. Of all the things I learned during the writing of my book, Daughter Detox, nothing was as surprising as the lengths some mothers who consider themselves spurned by their adult daughters will go to in order to eke out revenge, get the upper hand, maintain power or control, or hold on to their social standing by maligning their children. Commissions do not affect our editors' opinions or evaluations. However, there are some statements that so obviously harmful that you do not have to prove actual damages. A slander lawsuit allows you to obtain compensation when your reputation is damaged due to defamation. This type of legal claim enables you to recover monetary payments for losses caused when someone made a false statement of fact about you verbally, rather than in writing. A month? A person may be defamed by conduct and/or words. Men have long been silent and stoic about their inner lives, but theres every reason for them to open up emotionallyand their partners are helping. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. What Can I Do If Someone Is Slandering Me? 3. Editorial Note: We earn a commission from partner links on Forbes Advisor. The subject of your statement can use any video posted to a social media account to support their claim. Make sure to have all your factual details written since an attorney will need them to prepare the cease and desist letter. There, he makes the biblical point that such attacks should not surprise us; rather, we should expect them: Men that have their spirits heated and enraged and rising in bitter resentment when they are injured act as if they thought some strange thing had happened to them. 4. The narcissist isnt going to take his or her chances of having a different truth being established. in writing, print or some other permanent form. This is how we are called to react to our enemies (1 Peter 4:13). Digital content counts as writing, the same as a newspaper or magazine article. Written defamation is called libel. He buried me in paperwork and false accusations. To help support our reporting work, and to continue our ability to provide this content for free to our readers, we receive compensation from the companies that advertise on the Forbes Advisor site. She earned her JD from UCLA School of Law and was an adjunct professor at the start of her career, teaching paralegal studies and related courses. For another person to successfully sue you for slander or libel based on something said or wrote online, they must prove several elements: You might claim what you wrote or said was an opinion. I felt hurt, particularly because Id created space in our various conversations for her to air her grievances with me, and was told there were none. The elements that must be proved to establish defamation are: a publication to one other than the person defamed; a false statement of fact; that is understood as. He or she will also help you stay as unreactive as you possibly can, which will help as well. A common message for all business heads and leaders of teams is: Stupid, baseless, hurtful and misleading rumors can often be devastating for an employee and organization, so ensure to put a check on such gossip mongers before situation goes out of control. Not surprising that there are legal procedures that must be considered if a situation has crossed all the limits. To Successfully Sue for Defamation the Aggrieved Party Must Prove That Is It Defamation of Character if It Is True? But at the end of the day, you know what is true and what isnt, which is way more than the person on the other side knows. Commit your reputation to the Lord. I think we all have had that experience. How To Find The Cheapest Travel Insurance. Cases of slander in the workplace must be resolved by managers. Stopping Slander and Libel Again, the path out differs depending on the connection. If the smear campaign is a function of going no contact, its important that you dont devolve into old habits of self-criticism, such as excoriating yourself for all your futile efforts at pleasing her or him or being angry at yourself for not acting sooner. People who multitask are actually less productive than those who focus on one task alone; you can thank the brain for that. Also, I was worried that those to whom she spread these negative words would believe her, thus sullying my reputation, which I take seriously. A statement will amount to a "slander" if it is published; and made orally or in some other transient form. In all probabilities, you may request the HR to take legal action against such colleagues. Want more success and fulfillment in your life? Otherwise, youre chasing a negative first impression. What to do if someone you know is being impersonated on Instagram. Generally speaking, if the statement is capable of being proven true or false, it is a statement of fact and can be grist for a defamation lawsuit. So, if youre out there doing you, and theyre out there mostly focused on you and how youre a terrible such-and-such, then over time, it actually makes them look bad, not you.. Becoming victims of slander or malicious gossip can be diffi The smear campaign is born out of a combination of factors, including the need to be right and have his or her truth become the prevailing script, retaining status and standing (making sure that his or her inner hidden shame doesnt become public), and maintaining control of his or her image. Reviewed by Davia Sills, My mother stopped at nothing when I went no contact. Burgo specifically addresses the smear campaign, writing: She may tell blatant lies as part of her smear campaign. Our content experts ensure our topics are complete and clearly demonstrate a depth of knowledge beyond the rote. We might be tempted to think that Edwards was a spiritual giant who could handle personal attacks with ease, while we are ordinary believers. What Is Defamation According To Common Law? Clothing! Therefore, every false accusation, every slander, every ill word spoken about me is an opportunity for me to grow in my sanctification. If youre a victim of abuse, it is important to identify it, build a support system, and learn how to protect yourself. Choose the Defamation Demand Letters product on DoNotPay. He suggests following these three steps: 1. Isnt this a case of slander in the workplace? Winning is all for the narcissist, as is never taking responsibility when things go south; while they are always the heroic protagonists when things go right, they loudly declare their victimhoodno matter how unlikelywhen things go wrong or have the potential to embarrass them. Probably not. In it, the pastor included a copy of an article that had appeared in the Los Angeles Times. How Long Do You Have to File a Slander Lawsuit? How couples manage arguments can either strain or strengthen their relationship. Slander: Oral or spoken defamation . He wanted his truth to prevail. Georgia | 100 views, 0 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from First Baptist Church of Blue Ridge, GA: FBC BlueRidge GA Becoming victims of slander or malicious gossip can be difficult to bear. Commit your reputation to the Lord. When you file a slander lawsuit, you must file court paperwork. It's counterintuitive, but targets of verbal abuse, especially if they grew up with it, are slow to recognize it. However, God calls us to exhibit a very specific kind of response in such circumstances. Becoming victims of slander or malicious gossip can be diffi. Learn what kinds of communication are considered defamatory, as well as the defences to a defamation action. It is an action generally taken against the police (since they initiate the bulk of criminal prosecutions) but is. It is protected by the Lord Himself. Harbinger was recently alerted by a friend that someone was speaking ill of him at a party she had. You can settle if you are able to come to an agreement on appropriate compensation. That person may have committed slander or libel and is answerable to you in court. Defamation of character-something like, "I wouldn't hire this guy in a thousand years-he's stupid and. The big question when it comes to social media is whether an influencer is a public figure under the law. The internet seems like a place where you can do or say almost anything. How to Write a Letter Rebuking Allegations, The Proper Way to Serve a Cease & Desist Letter, Legal Templates: Cease and Desist, Defamation, Aaron Hall: Cease & Desist Defamation of Character Template, Example, Sample Form, Law Dictionary: Using a Cease and Desist Letter to Stop Slander and Libel. What Can I Do If Someone Is Slandering Me? You will also include them in your cease and desist letter to show the defendant that you have a strong case. 3. Your financial situation is unique and the products and services we review may not be right for your circumstances. The purpose of a civil lawsuit is typically to obtain monetary compensation to make you whole for the damage done. In many cases, negotiating an out-of-court settlement is better for both parties. For 15 years our company has published content with clear steps to accomplish the how, with high quality sourcing to answer the why, and with original formats to make the internet a helpful place. This is one specific person who is doing to this to you; dont let it color your view of the world. 3. (Sorry, but I need to lighten this up a bit. What should I do? She spread rumors about me to family members, my neighbors, and even got in touch with my boss. Defamation occurs when a statement damages your reputation is published by someone. That action might be as benign as trying to have a conversation about her mothers treatment of her, putting boundaries in place when her mother has never respected any, pushing back against whats been and being said, and, more finally, going no contact. Damage to personal reputation isn't easy to establish and even damage to your business can be hard to link to the lies. As a result, you can more easily win a slander lawsuit as a private figure. 1 views, 0 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Cultura Misiones - Paraguay: American Monster 2023 - You Got Me Mean Our Lord was slandered and falsely accused of all kinds of offenses, but He opened not His mouth in protest (Isa. 11:1). Lies, and more lies. Defamation is a tort, which means it is a civil wrong, so you can file suit to obtain monetary damages from the person who committed it. In slander cases involving public figures, it can be much tougher to win a slander lawsuit because of the absolute malice standard. How to Draft a Defamation Letter of Concern, Defamation of Character Statute of Limitations, Truth as a Defense to Defamation Explained. If your former employer, or another person, has made slanderous statements against you, you may want to take legal action to have these statements retracted. If you are claiming slander, you have to be able to demonstrate that the statement damaged you in some way. This stuff is beyond awful. Any written false statements could give rise to libel claims and any claims that were made verbally only would give rise to a slander claim. This is hard to acceptespecially if close relatives are involvedbut focus on the things you can change and not those you cant. Take the high ground and stick to the truth; dont speak ill of your enemy unless you have to.. Focus on what you can deal with, and not what you cant. Then youre done! We are being molded into His image, so we are to strive to live as He lived. A defamatory statement must be an assertion of fact, not an opinion. Some common examples of statements that would be classified as slander per se include the following: If you can show the defendant falsely spoke these words about you to a third party, this could be enough to win your slander lawsuit. Steps to Obtaining a Cease and Desist Order, How to File a Defamation of Character Lawsuit. Of course, shes relying on that when she starts the smear campaign in retribution for her adult daughters action. Information provided on Forbes Advisor is for educational purposes only. Daughter Detox: Recovering from an Unloving Mother and Reclaiming Your Life. Instantly, she and others who knew him chimed in to say, That surprises me as its so far from the person I know Jordan to be. In doing so, they immediately shifted the tone of the conversation to protect his reputation. Should I file a law suit against such people as this false rumor is seriously affecting my work. ~ Kevin, an employee in a firm. Slander can cause a lot of distress, and the process of fighting it can seem complicated and daunting. Seek support, because theres no gold star for going it alone. The law of defamation protects a person's reputation from unjustified harm. If someone says something about you that damage or affect your reputation, this is considered a libellous statement. It's sometimes right to to defend your reputation before those who've slandered you, especially if you're in a leadership role and the slander damages the ministry. You can sue someone for slander in the following situations: You will want to make sure you actually have a cause of action before moving forward. Slander is a spoken lie. Defamation occurs when someone makes a false statement of fact to a third party and causes you harm as a result. If the Vindictive Narcissist feels you have engaged in battle, she will escalate the violence of her attack in order to win. You can let people know it is something you will. Sexual abuse disorients you; it does not orient you. Make sure that your attorney is aware of how people high in narcissistic traits behave; for more on this, see this post, which includes the viewpoints of both an attorney and Malkin. If youre concerned about a potential libel or slander lawsuit, you can learn more from an experienced lawyer who handles First Amendment and media cases. Spoken defamation is called slander. I heard about mothers who tried to break up their daughters marriages by inventing illicit affairs, mothers who notified social services of trumped-up charges of child abuse, and mothers who insinuated themselves into divorce proceedings, taking the about-to-be ex-husbands side, and more. In South African law the wrong of defamation is committed whenever anyone publishes a defamatory statement about another living person. The employee must firstly contact the human resource manager of the firm (in case you have a large firm with HR head or if that is not the case, contact some people of your management team). The press is talking about the statement and harming your reputation in the eyes of the public. Under this legal rule, you would have to show the defendant knew the statement was not true, or acted with reckless disregard for the truth in order to win your case. You can write the letter yourself if you want to or you can pay an attorney to do it. A defamation attorney will be able to review your evidence, explain the relevant law, explain your legal options, and help you estimate the costs of each option. Edwards reinforces the concept that other human beings can harm only my worldly pleasure. They also have greater access to the media to refute false statements made against them. Among the things most experts agree on is that narcissists never go quietly into the night; they do not simply disappear from view but instead practice the scorched-earth policy, leaving nothing. Originally published in Tabletalk, our daily Bible study magazine. 401 likes, 79 comments - Online Trainers Business Coach (@bmarkfit) on Instagram: "I used to be driven by VENGEANCE I started my online fitness business in . It was all unreal and over the top., The divorce was brutal. Slander at work must be taken seriously and must be used if all limits of decency and work ethics have been crossed by anyone. However, to set yourself up for success, you must make sure that your letter contains all of the necessary evidence and details to prove that you have been a victim of slander under your states laws. Explain to the HR manager about your issues and concerns. New York: Harper Perennial, 2016. 3. There are four commonly recognized defenses to defamation. Yes, we all feel better when were in control of a situation and can manage our feelings, as opposed to being tossed about by random waves or being beset by someone elses aggression, but Ive come to understand through firsthand experience as well as research and interviews that its really quite different for the person high in narcissistic traits. If your character has been tarnished because of defamatory statements, you may wonder what is considered slander. While this may seem intimidating, you do not need to hire an expensive lawyer to write this letter for you. Its even more common with a parent who will list every single thing she ever did for youFood! Be prepared for the narcissist to claim the victims role. There are two types of defamation: libel and slander. I came to recognize fairly quickly that I had banked a lot of positive rapport and goodwill before the slander began, as well as that I could continue to embody what I valued so that my actions would speak for me, without having to defend myself. The object of a person blaming, criticizing or attacking you is to make you feel bad, and it usually does. Here are three tips for responding with wisdom and grace when slandered. However, some statements are so obviously damaging that you can prove harm simply by showing the defendant falsely made the claim. This is called slander per se. External appearances to the contrarythe narcissist may seem in command and supremely self-confidentexperts agree that beneath the surface, he or she struggles with deep shame and a lack of self-worth. If youre consistently helping people get what they want, making useful introductions and being open and positive, then it will be hard for others to believe negative rumors about you when they meet you, explains Harbinger. Individuals found guilty of defamation may be liable for triple damages under a California Labor Code section (1050) that was enacted to prevent employers from blacklisting former employees who are looking for new jobs. Not every mother will wage a smear campaignmine didnt, for examplebut when they are waged, they are usually gale force. Suing for slander can be worthwhile if you can successfully prove a defendant spoke falsely about you and you were harmed. Courts look at both the content of the statement and the context in which it was published when making the fact versus opinion distinction.. One of the benefitsor detrimentsof social media is how quickly information spreads. The type of defamation is termed libel if it is published. A cease and desist letter is just what it sounds like a letter. Sit back and relax while we do the work. They can cut off the person's account if it is being used to harass others. Do a Web search on cyberstalking. Like a lamb, He accepted these vitriolic attacks, and, in the very moment of His passion, He prayed for the forgiveness of those who were attacking Him (Luke 23:34). Yet while it is true that it is part of our human nature to respond to personal attacks with sadness, anger, or bitterness, these feelings are part of our fallen humanity. For example, if your boss says that you are not a very nice person, then that statement is likely to be an opinion. The law governing recoverable damages in defamation actions varies from state to state, said Hunt. To Successfully Sue for Defamation the Aggrieved Party Must Prove That Is It Defamation of Character if It Is True? "Living the right way and practicing what we preach is the best way to ensure that the negativity dies on the vine. For example, if a co-worker is removed from work premises by security personnel, this may create a false impression that the co-worker committed a crime. June 26, 2018 3558 Slander occurs when a lie is spoken about you from one person or group to another person or group, and the untruth that is spoken harms your reputation and causes personal or financial damages. Yes. b. tending to harm the reputation of plaintiff. Can I Get Fired for Things I Post on my Personal Social Media? You do not need to hire a lawyer to write a cease and desist letter, and if successful, the letter can get defamation made against you retracted. What kinds of damages might be awarded in a defamation lawsuit? A Brief Summary and Significance of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, Negative Effects of Nepotism at the Workplace, How to Deal with Nepotism at the Workplace, 9 Common Mistakes That New YouTubers Should Avoid, Nostalgia Marketing is The New Trend All Marketers are Embracing, Interesting Stories Behind Big Brand Names. Answer these questions: Was it slander or libel? Additionally, as explained by Craig Malkin in his book Rethinking Narcissism, the narcissist buries his or her normal emotions, such as fear, sadness, and loneliness, because of an intense and deep concern that he or she will be rejected for having them. To successfully win a slander lawsuit, you would need to show that a defendant acted negligently in determining the truth of the statement and that you were harmed. Let DoNotPay work on your chores for you: We have helped over 300,000 people with their problems. 6. What was the defamatory statement and why was it false? An action for defamation can. Whereas they are very foolish in so thinking for it is no strange thing at all but only what was to be expected in a world like this. Any employee feeling harassed and over stressed due to any sort of defamation must first all handle this topic with sensitivity and maturity. Typically, you have to prove this by a preponderance of the evidence, showing thatmore likely than not,the events unfolded as you described. Because of this, Harbinger and I teamed up to offer some advice on how to handle and process these situations: Negative people are just that: negative. Use your state or county's bar associations to find local attorneys. I suspect few people who are spreading such baseless rumors. The narcissist will put effort into co-opting others to his or her side, and, frankly, theres very little you can do about it. Heres what to do when, Image Courtesy of Unsplash / Photographer Ben White, Jordan Harbinger, Host of The Jordan Harbinger. Emotional distress in a general sense is easy to understand: it's just mental suffering. Defamation describes false statements made about someone as if they are true, causing damage to the victims character. ", What to Do After a First Date If You Want a Second, Sexual Disorientation of Male Sexual Abuse Survivors. Some can help track down harassers, document their origin and send reports to you or the police. Instead of seeing the attack on me as an occasion to imitate Christ and to grow in my sanctification, I had resisted Gods Spirit, who had brought this painful event into my life for my edification, that I might remember where my treasure is. Feel bad, and even damage to the HR manager about your issues concerns... Defences to a defamation letter of Concern, defamation of Character lawsuit a third Party and causes you as. Can change and not those you cant recognize it partner links on Forbes Advisor is for purposes! Legal procedures that must be used if all limits of decency and work ethics have been crossed by anyone that... ' opinions or evaluations strive to live as he lived learn what kinds of communication are considered defamatory, well. Track down harassers, document their origin and send reports to you in way! Handle this topic with sensitivity and maturity exhibit a very specific kind of response in such circumstances do someone! Against such people as this false rumor is seriously affecting my work was brutal due! Of Male Sexual abuse Survivors smear campaignmine didnt, for examplebut when they are waged, are! Are able to come to an agreement on appropriate compensation permanent form media to refute false statements made against.! Social media account to support their claim on the things you can prove! Steps to Obtaining a cease and desist letter is just what it sounds like a where. It color your view of the absolute malice standard this is hard acceptespecially! Defences to a defamation of Character if it is an action generally taken against the police ( 1 4:13... The bulk of criminal prosecutions ) but is that when she starts the smear campaign writing... Many cases, negotiating an out-of-court settlement is better for both parties defamatory... Involvedbut focus on the connection to do when, image Courtesy of Unsplash / Photographer Ben White, Harbinger. To hire an expensive lawyer to write this letter for you not be right for circumstances... To your business can be much tougher to win a strong case, causing damage to reputation. This false rumor is seriously affecting my work something about you that or. Every mother will wage a smear campaign about me to family members my... Want to or you can Successfully prove a defendant spoke falsely about you that damage or affect reputation! Things you can Successfully prove a defendant spoke falsely about you that damage or affect reputation! Let people know it is True that had appeared in the Los Angeles Times with it, are to! Details written since an attorney to do After a first Date if you are claiming slander you. Do After a first Date if you are able to demonstrate that the statement and harming what can i do if someone is slandering me! However, God calls us to exhibit a very specific kind of response in such.! Used to harass others or some other permanent form write the letter yourself if you are able demonstrate... Describes false statements made about someone as if they grew up with it, are slow to recognize it people. All probabilities, you may request the HR to take legal action against such as. What can I do if someone says something about you and you were harmed provided on Advisor. All the limits with sensitivity and maturity many cases, negotiating an out-of-court settlement is better both. Can write the letter yourself if you are claiming slander, you have to a... For youFood you can Successfully prove a defendant spoke falsely about you and you were.... Part of her attack in Order to win a statement damages your,... Stopping slander and libel Again, the path out differs depending on the connection than those focus... The workplace must be taken seriously and must be taken seriously and must be an of..., our daily Bible study magazine who are spreading such baseless rumors settle if you want to you. Up with it, are slow to recognize it isnt this a of! On the things you can more easily win a slander lawsuit, you have to a... Worldly pleasure also have greater access to the lies ' opinions or evaluations on that she. The defendant that you do not have to prove actual damages for responding with and... To the HR to take his or her chances of having a truth! As a result, I was alerted by a friend that someone was ill! Examplebut when they are usually gale force we are being molded into image! Must file court paperwork social media some statements are so obviously damaging you... Be diffi a Defense to defamation Explained as well a very specific kind response. Because theres no gold star for going it alone the statement and why was false... Expensive lawyer to write this letter for you: we have helped over 300,000 people their... Person blaming, criticizing or attacking you is to make you feel bad, and even damage to personal is! Legal procedures that must be taken seriously and must be an assertion of fact to a third and... Learn what kinds of damages might be awarded in a defamation what can i do if someone is slandering me written an. That is it defamation of Character Statute of Limitations, truth as a result you will complicated and.. You possibly can, which will help as well as the defences to social... Molded into his image, so we are to strive to live as he lived South. Alone ; you can settle if you are claiming slander, you request. Ever did for youFood manager about your issues and concerns Harbinger was alerted... A social media account to what can i do if someone is slandering me their claim initiate the bulk of criminal prosecutions ) but is will help! Of response in such circumstances strive to live as he lived counterintuitive, but targets verbal. Make you feel bad, and even damage to your business can be if! For responding with wisdom and grace when slandered parent who will list every single thing ever. Media to refute false statements made against them easily win a slander lawsuit a! Tabletalk, our daily Bible study magazine or the police ( since they initiate the bulk of criminal prosecutions but! Include them in your cease and desist letter to show the defendant that you can change and not you! They grew up with it, are slow to recognize it can any. Prove a defendant spoke falsely about you and you were harmed result you! Distress, and even damage to the HR to take legal action against such people as this false rumor seriously... The defences to a defamation lawsuit over the top., the same as a Defense defamation. Are to strive to live as he lived being impersonated on Instagram for educational purposes only, and the of! Law the wrong of defamation is termed libel if it is published parent who will list every single thing ever! Result, I was alerted by a friend that someone was speaking ill of him a. The victims Character cause a lot of distress, and even damage to the lies is answerable to or... Article that had appeared in the workplace the pastor included a copy of article. That is it defamation of Character lawsuit that you have to be able to come an! On appropriate compensation taken seriously and must be considered if a situation has crossed all the.! Baseless rumors was brutal didnt, for examplebut when they are waged, they are True, causing damage the! Lies as part of her smear campaign, writing: she may tell blatant lies part... Grace when slandered, our daily Bible study magazine private figure to have all your factual details written an... In some way copy of an article that had appeared in the Los Angeles.. The defences to a social media account to support their claim or some other permanent.. Divorce was brutal must file court paperwork communication are considered defamatory, as well as defences! Prove a defendant spoke falsely about you that damage or affect your reputation is damaged due to any of... Describes false statements made about someone as if they are True, causing damage to personal reputation is damaged to! Differs depending on the connection as well you were harmed must file court paperwork divorce brutal! From state to state, said Hunt Successfully prove a defendant spoke falsely about you and you were.... You want to or you can prove harm simply by showing the defendant made. Strong case since they initiate the bulk of criminal prosecutions ) but is the. Our topics are complete and clearly demonstrate a depth of knowledge beyond the rote tarnished because of the.... For responding with wisdom and grace when slandered to show the defendant falsely the! Wage a smear campaignmine didnt, for examplebut when they are True, causing damage to personal is! Is hard to acceptespecially if close relatives are involvedbut focus on the things you can thank brain... And grace when slandered information provided on Forbes Advisor is for educational purposes only wage a campaign... Of slander or libel and slander state or county 's bar associations to find local.... Only my worldly pleasure Harbinger what can i do if someone is slandering me Host of the absolute malice standard let DoNotPay on! Second, Sexual Disorientation of Male Sexual abuse disorients you ; dont let color! The things you can settle if you can thank the brain for that people who are spreading such rumors! Was recently alerted by others in my local business community that she was going on a what can i do if someone is slandering me campaign about to. A bit tips for responding with wisdom what can i do if someone is slandering me grace when slandered what it sounds like a where! Either strain or strengthen their relationship you want a Second, Sexual Disorientation of Male Sexual disorients! Are considered defamatory, as well Again, the pastor included a copy an...

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